PAEA Surgery End Of Rotation (EOR) Practice Exam

What condition is characterized by the reflux of gastric contents into the lower esophagus?

1. Gastroesophageal reflux disease

2. Achalasia

3. Zenker's diverticulum

4. Esophageal stricture

The correct answer is: Gastroesophageal reflux disease

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is characterized by the reflux of gastric contents into the lower esophagus, leading to symptoms such as heartburn, regurgitation, and potential esophageal injury. This condition results from a dysfunction of the lower esophageal sphincter, which normally serves to keep gastric contents from flowing back into the esophagus. In GERD, the normal protective mechanisms of the esophagus can be overwhelmed, resulting in irritation and inflammation of the esophageal lining. Over time, this can lead to more serious complications, such as esophagitis, Barrett's esophagus, or even esophageal adenocarcinoma if left untreated. Other conditions listed in the choices do not primarily involve the reflux process. For example, achalasia is a motility disorder where the lower esophageal sphincter fails to relax, leading to dysphagia rather than reflux. Zenker's diverticulum involves an outpouching of the esophagus and is associated with swallowing difficulties rather than reflux of gastric contents. An esophageal stricture refers to a narrowing of the esophagus that can cause swallowing problems but does not specifically indicate the reflux of gastric contents. Thus, the defining characteristic of GERD is its association with