PAEA Surgery End Of Rotation (EOR) Practice Exam

What is renal artery stenosis associated with?

1. Upper extremity claudication

2. Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

3. Varicose veins

4. Lower extremity claudication

The correct answer is: Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Renal artery stenosis is primarily associated with the activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). This condition occurs when there is a narrowing of one or both renal arteries, which can lead to decreased blood flow to the kidneys. In response to this reduced renal perfusion, the juxtaglomerular cells in the kidneys secrete renin, an enzyme that initiates a cascade of events leading to the production of angiotensin II. This hormone causes blood vessels to constrict, raising blood pressure, and stimulates the adrenal glands to release aldosterone, which promotes sodium and water retention. Together, these actions lead to hypertension, which is a common complication of renal artery stenosis. The other options do not have a direct association with renal artery stenosis. For instance, upper and lower extremity claudication typically relates to peripheral artery disease, not renal artery issues. Varicose veins pertain to venous circulation problems and are unrelated to the renal arteries as well. Thus, the significant relationship between renal artery stenosis and the activation of the RAAS makes this the correct choice.